Every year, at the end of May and beginning of June, North India experiences severe heat and humidity. The temperature reaches 45-48 degrees Celsius. Scientific research shows that this does not happen suddenly, but due to astronomical, seasonal and geological reasons. Let us understand what changes take place from the earth to the sun.
Earth Sun It orbits at an inclination of 23.5 degrees. In late May and early June the Sun comes just above the Tropic of Cancer. At this time the Northern Hemisphere (where India is) is most inclined towards the Sun.
According to scientists, during this time the sun’s rays fall almost straight (close to 90 degrees) on the plains of India. Due to this the land receives more solar energy (Solar Insolation) per square meter. The days become longest and the nights become shortest. Result: The ground heats up rapidly. NASA and Indians Season In the studies of the department (IMD), it is called pre-monsoon maximum heating period.
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What changes take place on earth?
- Dry ground and low moisture: There is no rain since March-April. The soil dries completely. Dry soil has very little capacity to absorb heat, hence it gets heated quickly.
- Decrease in vegetation: Trees and plants dry up, due to which the process of steam formation reduces. Due to this, moisture does not increase in the air and heat increases.
- Loo winds: Hot, dry westerly winds blow from Rajasthan-Pakistan, which further increases the heat.
Why does humidity increase?
Monsoon preparations start at the end of May. Moist winds from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea start moving north. This increases the humidity in the air, but it does not rain yet. Result – more temperature + High humidity = extremely unbearable heat. Scientists call it heat index, which feels much higher than the actual temperature.
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Why is it so hot in India?
- Geographical location: India is just below the Tropic of Cancer. The vast plains of North India (Indo-Gangetic Plain) are surrounded by mountains on three sides, due to which hot air is not able to escape easily.
- weather patterns: May-June is the pre-monsoon period. Monsoon has not arrived yet, hence the heat is at its peak.
- Climate change: Recent research by IPCC and IMD show that due to global warming in India Heatwave The intensity and duration is increasing. Studies for 2020-2025 found that extreme heat events have increased by 2-3 times.
- Urban Impact: Due to urban heat island effect, the heat in cities increases by 4-5 degrees. Concrete and hot air of AC increase it.
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What is scientific research?
According to the study of Oxford University and IMD, solar radiation is highest in May-June. Studies on wet bulb temperature (2022-2025) show that it becomes very difficult to control body temperature in 45°C temperature + 50-60% humidity. NASA’s Earth Observatory reports also confirm that heat peaks in northern India around the Northern Hemisphere Summer Solstice (June 21).
Who is responsible?
The main factors responsible for heat are seasonal cycles of nature – the position of the Sun, the tilt of the Earth and the dry season before the monsoon. But global warming Making it more dangerous.
This heat of May-June is part of the annual cycle for India, but due to climate change it is becoming more extreme every year. Scientists warn that if global warming is not stopped, heatwaves of 45-50 degrees will become common.
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