America’s Donald Trump administration has started a new investigation under ‘Section 301’ against 16 of its major trading partners, including India and China. ‘Section 301’ gives America the power to unilaterally increase taxes on countries that are causing losses to its companies. After the US Supreme Court ruled President Trump’s tariffs illegal last month, the administration is now preparing to push back on the tariffs through new legal avenues. According to US Trade Representative (USTR) Jameson Greer, due to this investigation, new tariffs may be imposed on countries like India, China, European Union and Mexico by summer this year. Understand the whole matter in question and answer… Question 1: Against which countries has America started investigation? Answer: The Trump administration has initiated investigation against a total of 16 trading partners. These include India, China, European Union (EU), Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Vietnam, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Singapore, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Switzerland and Norway. Question 2: Why has this investigation been started suddenly? Answer: Actually, on February 20, the US Supreme Court had declared the global tariff imposed by Trump as illegal. After this, Trump imposed a temporary tariff of 10% for 150 days. Now the administration is using ‘Section 301’ to threaten trading partners with tariffs and bring them to the negotiating table. Question 3: What is ‘Section 301’ and how powerful is it? Answer: This is a part of the ‘Trade Act of 1974’. It gives the US Trade Representative the power to impose retaliatory tariffs or other sanctions on a country if it engages in ‘unfair trade practices’. Question 4: What is the main focus of the investigation? Answer: America is investigating those countries which are producing more goods than their needs and are dumping those goods in the American markets at cheap prices if they are not consumed in their country. America wants to see whether these countries are intentionally hurting American companies and their manufacturing sector by using their access capacity. Understand this with the example of a factory… Suppose there is a shoe factory in a country which can make 100 shoes in a year, but the people of that country need only 20 shoes. Now that factory should not be closed, so the government there gives subsidy or help to make 100 shoes. Now the country sells the remaining 80 shoes in the markets of other countries at a very low price. This causes loss to the companies there because they are unable to compete with such low prices. America is investigating this ‘excessive production’. Question 5: Is this a matter of concern for India? Answer: India’s goods trade surplus with America in 2024 was $ 58,216 million (about Rs 5.37 lakh crore). It will remain at $45,801 million (about ₹4.23 lakh crore) in 2025. There has been a decrease, yet India is included in the list of 16 countries which will be investigated. If the investigation finds India’s policies ‘unfair’, then heavy tariffs may be imposed on Indian goods. Question 6: How big is America’s trade deficit with China? Answer: China is at the top of this list. China’s trade surplus in 2024 was $202,071 million, which will increase to $295,515 million in 2025. That means there has been a big jump of about $93,444 million in just one year. This is the reason why China is the first target of Trump. Question 7: Which separate investigation is being conducted regarding forced labour? Answer: Greer said that they are starting another investigation under ‘Section 301’, the purpose of which is to completely ban the import of goods made with forced labor. More than 60 countries are included in this. America has already banned goods like solar panels from China’s Xinjiang region, now it can be extended to other countries as well. Question 8: What is the timeline of this entire process? Answer: Suggestions have been sought from common people and companies till April 15. After this, a public hearing will be held around May 5. The goal is to have the results of this investigation and new tariff proposals ready before the temporary tariffs expire in July. Question 9: Is the Trump administration adamant on imposing tariffs? Answer: Yes, Jameson Greer clearly said that President Trump is committed to imposing tariffs. They will use every means and tool possible to reduce the trade deficit and protect American manufacturing. He warned trading partners to adhere to existing agreements. Question 10: What is the position of other countries in terms of trade deficit? Answer: America’s deficit with the EU has increased to $ 235,874 million in 2025. The deficit with Mexico also stands at $171,491 million. Although the losses of countries like Taiwan and Vietnam have reduced, they are still under scrutiny. Tips for Reader: If you are in export-import business, then keep an eye on this new policy of America. There may be major changes in the prices of textiles, electronics and engineering goods after July.
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America preparing to impose tariff on 16 countries including India: Started investigation under ‘Section 301’, if evidence of unfair trade is found, heavy tariff will be imposed
